Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration tackles Pixar and Disney from the view of technology, individuality, and artistry all while creating a viable business.
As a graphic designer, I love to balance creativity and responsibility. Like Pixar, we’re in the business of bottling and selling our imaginations.
Ed Catmull, the computer scientist who became president of Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Animation Studios, deals with this awesome collision of seemingly conflicting interests with sincerity right out of Wall-E.
I’m a huge pop culture fanatic: My friends would do trivia and one night they turned in a guess before I even heard the question figuring no one would know the answer. I felt shocked to learn that no one else knew who played Robin in the old Adam West version of Batman. It was Burt Ward, people. Burt Ward. Do people not know this?
So as you can imagine, I’ve laughed and cried with Pixar in the theatre over the years. Remember in Toy Story 3 when Woody and his friends held hands and resigned themselves to incineration? You have no soul if that didn’t rock you to the core.
In the spirit of Pixar’s films, I have 15 tips on how you can apply Ed Catmull’s experiences at Pixar and Disney to your own life full of imagination and wonder:
Tip 1: Build trust
In business we all hear so much about positivity, though do we question what that means?
For Ed, positivity is about putting people first. People want to trust, hope, and have faith. The book targets anyone who wants to be creative and says anyone can be creative. We want people to solve problems without feeling that they have to ask for permission.
“Trust doesn’t mean that you trust someone won’t screw up – it means you trust them even when they do screw up”
Ed Catmull
Tip 2: Respond well to failure
When we create an environment not driven by fear and failure, we develop the people around us and help them grow.
To cut the natural fear response of controlling and micromanaging, we have to make surprises more comfortable and not threatening. Trust can’t be created as quickly as fear.
Ed tells us that facing the fear of failure and forming trust happens when we avoid secrecy when it’s not necessary. Sharing “secrets” shows that employees are trusted. When given trust, people are more likely to keep secrets. As a company, Pixar is excellent at keeping secrets internal by treating employees as smart, trustworthy, and capable partners.
“Every single Pixar film, at one time or another, has been the worst movie ever put on film. But we know. We trust our process. We don’t get scared and say, ‘Oh, no, this film isn’t working.'”
John Lasseter
Tip 3: Step back to see the big picture
Our view remains the only perspective we really will ever know.
Pixar views daily versions of each film to discover problems. Ed describes “The Problem of the Beautifully Shaded Penny”, that if not aware of the big picture each employee will treat their piece as if it was the greatest piece.
The penny metaphor describes how a motivated animator could create a very detailed penny if that’s the task given, even though in the final film it would only be seen in a blink of an eye.
“Working at Pixar you learn the really honest, hard way of making a great movie, which is to surround yourself with people who are much smarter than you, much more talented than you, and incite constructive criticism; you’ll get a much better movie out of it.”
Andrew Stanton
Ed reminds us that we can’t assume creativity can’t be quantified as data. Creativity times time, it takes several revisions, and we can compare time estimated versus real-time. We can view the state of work at deadlines and the quality level at every transfer between departments.
Tip 4: Know your weaknesses
Ed acknowledges that sometimes we’re all confident. Sometimes we’re not. The key reason for constructive and practical communication is letting others know it’s okay to make mistakes.
How we deal with mistakes is what counts. As a designer, I have to make revisions, corrections, and changes. Rather than leap to the idea that we should have known, remember this is part of the process.
Tip 5: Evaluate the process
Something as simple as the shape of a table can change the way we interact. A beautiful table at the Pixar office was impractical for work, setting up a hierarchy that left employees feeling too intimidated to speak. Remember how King Arthur brought his knights together around table? This showed they were all equals.
In our personal and professional lives, encouraging proximity and equality in all situations benefits communication. The Pixar building was also designed to force employees from all departments to interact.
Informal interactions between employees with no working relationships encouraged solutions that you’d never come to in a meeting while sitting around a table of any shape. This matches research about proximity and friendship.
How do we enable you to solve problems and do things differently? Question the perceptions and assumptions that went into the current situation.
“You don’t actually do a project; you can only do action steps related to it. When enough of the right action steps have been taken, some situation will have been created that matches your first picture of the outcome closely enough that you can call it “done.” David Allen, Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity
Tip 6: Embrace the unknown
The best managers make room for what they don’t know.
Loosen controls, accept risks, and build trust. Engage with and pay attention to anything that creates fear. The book’s subtitle, “Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration”, is a great summary of this theme.
Ed reminds us that many of these forces may stay unnoticed and may not ever be visible. Employees may never want to discuss certain issues with their manager. The best managers, according to Ed, are the ones who don’t need all the information.
When Pixar employees attempted to become middlemen, Pixar reminded them that in their culture anyone can talk to anyone at any level. The communication structure shouldn’t mirror the organizational structure.
Being a manager means employees won’t be so open with you.
Tip 7: Show that you listen
It’s not enough to listen. Take responsive action.
Use words that connect those actions to what you heard and who gave you the idea. Try not to expect others to guess where you’re coming from.
Ed describes how Japanese-made manufacturing defied the conventions of American companies that only allowed the very highest levels of managers to stop the production line. Manufacturers in Japan shifted assembly lines away from quality control inspection after the fact.
Instead, every employee on the production line was responsible for product quality. While the American system gave each employee no say in how to make their job more efficient, the Japanese worker culture created pride. They felt encouraged to carry out even the smallest changes and not just accept their role in a robotic assembly line.
Silicon Valley, Pixar, and Apple brought these ideas to the United States building trust with each employee as an ally in making quality products.
Tip 8: Embrace humility
We tend to think success or failure signifies factors within our control.
Often external forces and randomness play a role. We must use care in not believing our own hype. We can’t account for these factors. The simplest explanation with fewer assumptions. Unforeseen things happen that are not anyone’s fault.
Tip 9: Take risks
Don’t prevent risk, make it safe for others to take a risk.
The cost of preventing errors is often greater than fixing them. Pixar animators show characters moving before going forward to make movements predictable. Moving left for a split second makes the audience anticipate moving right. Leaving out these moments and ignoring the rule, however, gives an element of surprise.
Tip 10: Acknowledge the challenge
The general agreement won’t lead to change, it takes a lot of energy even when all agree.
Success in creativity isn’t repeatable by process and pointless to try to recapture it exactly as it was. Steve Jobs predicted that Pixar would one day make a bad movie, it was inevitable.
The team had to be prepared for a disaster and look for other hidden problems. Accept that flaws exist. Inevitably, there will always be some problems that cannot be avoided.
“Our fate lies within us. You only have to be brave enough to see it. “
Merida, Brave
Tip 11: Be decisive
Director Brad Bird learned to deal with stress by acknowledging he holds stress and must find coping mechanisms.
We all have feelings, it’s just about how we deal with them. Sometimes Brad’s coping method is simply to do nothing.
As Andrew Stanton said, “Hurry up and fail”. Decide to be decisive and forgive yourself. A director is like a ship captain. Commit to a destination and if you are headed in the wrong direction, you can change course then.
“When life gets you down, do you wanna know what you’ve gotta do? Just keep swimming.”
Dory, Finding Nemo
Colleagues want committed decision-making and honesty about decisions that didn’t work. Make your best guess and hurry up about it, then simply change course. Collaboration creates complications.
When we have allies, the nature of collaboration makes us a solver of problems. Letting others know about problems allows them to offer solutions as well. Be prepared and not irritated with challenges. Creatives know that when we’re sailing, we will face weather and waves.
Tip 12: Embrace teamwork
Movies don’t often emerge from a single visionary, even if it’s possible as a seed.
Even a good idea needs to be excavated through effective collaboration. Like in archeology, Ed tells us that the bones you find in creative work may belong to several different dinosaurs.
When working with Disney, they decided to move away from a notes system where people did not have film experience and did not know how to give constructive feedback.
“You and I are a team. There is nothing more important than our friendship.”
Mike, Monsters, Inc.
While Ed and his new team started at Disney, he did have to train Disney employees to be more helpful by steering clear of negative evaluations and focusing on the positive. This balance helps everyone feel more comfortable with the facts of the day.
With their own truths, detached from those of Pixar, Ed helped Disney as a modern studio to have its own individuality reflecting the culture its own employees wanted.
In graphic design, art, and movies, the most effective creatives know that every team and every project is unique.
Tip 13: Expect Change
Creativity is complex and evolves. Small companies work differently than big ones.
Things change and we have to keep changing. New employees didn’t know the history or reasons for processes and had new ideas for processes.
At Pixar, as new employees joined the company that was now viewed as a modern legend, new challenges to the core values emerged.
“I can’t stop Andy from growing up… but I wouldn’t miss it for the world.”
Woody, Toy Story 2
As a bigger company, Ed and his team created drawing, sculpting, and coding classes to teach about each other’s work. Classrooms are where mistakes happened. This also put all of them in social interactions outside of the work structure and set a tone for everyone to keep learning and be flexible.
“Protect the future, not the past”
Ed Catmull
Tip 15: Make it personal
In a creative business, we all know that there exists a huge personal element.
At Pixar, the leaders would not only hand out bonuses. They would personally deliver them with a thank you. After the success of Tangled, they printed personal letters and give each of them a DVD copy.
“Don’t wait for things to be perfect before you share them with others. Show early and show often. It’ll be pretty when we get there, but it won’t be pretty along the way.”
Ed Catmull
Verdict
Creativity, Inc. uses the how-to and self-help book format to tell the story of Pixar.
When viewed as a storytelling framework it is an effective and time-tested format for all kinds of content.
Tina Fey told her story this way in Bossy Pants and Amy Poehler took the format self-reflectively with Yes Please which seems more comparable here.
Ed has some of the expected behind-the-scenes stories for the Pixar movies up to this point. Still, his focus remains on cultivating an environment of ideas.
We also get a look at Steve Jobs’s evolution and how his strength of views. His vision remained malleable and formed based on his reliance on building a good team of people.
As a designer and artist, the idea of incorporating that feeling of creativity into sustainable living is the end game for me. For the creatives, at Pixar, Disney, and everywhere else the obstacles of combining creativity, art, and business ultimately form our lives.
More ideas from my favorite books
Brian E. Young is a graphic designer and artist in Baltimore, MD.
by Brian Dougherty and Celery Design Collaborative is a book explaining how to make every step of the design and production process a little greener: paper, printing, binding, shipping, packaging.
